Selasa, 26 Februari 2013

The Mitsubishi Process-Copper Smelting for the 21st Century (Manuscript)

The Mitsubishi Process-Copper Smelting for the 21st Century (Manuscript) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Motion Behavior of Non-metallic Particles Under High Frequency Magnetic Field

Motion Behavior of Non-metallic Particles Under High Frequency Magnetic Field by Nico Agung Nugraha

Magnetic Control of the Filling Process in Aluminum

Magnetic Control of the Filling Process in Aluminum by Nico Agung Nugraha

E-Book Logam Korosi

logam korosi by Nico Agung Nugraha

Inclusion in Al Melt

Inclusion in Al Melt.pdf by Nico Agung Nugraha

Filtration of Aluminium

Filtration of Aluminium by Nico Agung Nugraha

Electromagnetically Enhanced Filtration of Aluminum Melts

Electromagnetically Enhanced Filtration of Aluminum Melts by Nico Agung Nugraha

Copper Extraction

Copper Extraction by Nico Agung Nugraha

Boron and Electrical Conductivity

Boron and Electrical Conductivity by Nico Agung Nugraha

Aluminum Cast Alloys

Aluminum Cast Alloys by Nico Agung Nugraha

Alloy and Microstructure

Alloy and Microstructure by Nico Agung Nugraha

Continuous Casting

Continuous Casting by Nico Agung Nugraha

Continuous Electromagnetic Separation of Inclusion From

Continuous Electromagnetic Separation of Inclusion From.pdf by Nico Agung Nugraha

Jumat, 22 Februari 2013

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 19

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 19) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 18

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 18) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 17

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 17) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 16

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 16) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 15

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 15) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 14

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 14) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 13

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 13) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 12

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 12) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 11

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 11) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 10

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 10) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 9

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 8) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 8

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 8) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 7

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 7) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 6

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 6) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 5

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 5) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 4

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 4) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 3

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 3) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 2

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 2) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Kimia pra-UN Lat 1

Soal Un Kimia Kls Xii Ipa (Lat 1) by Nico Agung Nugraha

Pembahasan UN Kimia 2012

Pembahasan Un Kima Sma 2012 Paket 152 by Nico Agung Nugraha

Soal Ujian Nasional Kimia 2012

Soal Ujian Nasional Kimia Sma 2012 by Nico Agung Nugraha

Selasa, 19 Februari 2013

Kerusakan Lingkungan

5-kerusaka-lingkungan-budi by

AMDAL

AMDAL by

AMDAL Gabungan

AMDAL-gabungan by

Fitoremediasi (Pencemaran Tanah)

Fitoremediasi (pemcemaran tanah) by

Materi Pengelolaan Limbah

kel-ipa by

Konsep Dasar AMDAL

Konsep Dasar Amdal by

Limbah Padat Industri

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Limbah Industri Pangan

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Penanganan Limbah Terpadu

Penanganan Terpadu Limbah Cair_3 by

Pengelolaan B3

pengelolaan B3 by

Pencemaran Udara

Pencemaran Udara by

Teknologi Lingkungan

Teknologi_lingkungan_PDIL by

AMDAL (Analisa Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan)

Week 9. Amdal by

Kamis, 14 Februari 2013

Turunan Alkana

turunan-alkana by

Stereokimia

stereokimia by

Stereochemistry

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Reaksi-Reaksi Senyawa Kimia Organik

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Benzena Animations

Benzene Animations by

Kimia Organik

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Benzena dan Turunannya

Benzena Dan Turunannya by

Benzena dan Aromatisitas

Benzena Dan Aromatisitas by

Isomer Struktur Tata Nama dan Alkena

Bab-3 Isomer Struktur Tata Nama Dan Alkana by

Alkena-Alkuna

alkena-alkuna by

Alkohol Eter dan Senyawa Yang Berhubungan

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Aldehida dan Keton

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Substitusi Nukleofilik dan Eliminasi

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Arus Listrik, Konduktor, Dielektrik, dan Kapasitansi

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Medan Elektrostatis

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Selasa, 12 Februari 2013

Definisi Polimer


Kita hidup dalam era polimer. Bahan-bahan polimer alam yang sejak dahulu telah dikenal dan dimanfaatkan, seperti kapas, wool, dan damar. Polimer sintesis dikenal mulai tahun 1925, dan setelah hipotesis makromolekul yang dikemukakan oleh Staudinger mendapat hadiah Nobel pada tahun 1955, teknologi polimer mulai berkembang pesat. Beberapa contoh polimer sintesis yang ada dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, antara lain serat-serat tekstil poliester dan nilon, plastik polietilena untuk botol susu, karet untuk ban mobil dan plastik poliuretana untuk jantung buatan.
Apakah Anda pernah melihat ibu Anda menggoreng telur dengan menggunakan penggorengan teflon? Bila struktur teflon ditentukan, maka molekul teflon ditemukan mengandung rantai karbon dengan mengikat atom-atom fluorin. Tetra fluoroetena (tetra fluoroetilena) merupakan molekul yang sangat non polar dan relatif kecil ukurannya serta cenderung berupa gas pada suhu kamar. Bagaimana caranya molekul tetrafluoroetilena dalam wujud gas dapat bereaksi dengan molekul lainnya membentuk molekul besar yang berantai panjang dan umumnya berupa padatan? Coba perhatikan Gambar 1 untuk membantu Anda memvisualisasikan reaksi tersebut.
gbr12
Gambar 1. Teflon memberikan suatu lapisan yang baik untuk wajan, karena teflon bersifat tidak reaktif dan makanan tidak akan lengket pada wajan
Suatu molekul raksasa (makromolekul) yang terbentuk dari susunan ulang molekul kecil yang terikat melalui ikatan kimia disebut polimer (poly = banyak; mer = bagian). Suatu polimer akan terbentuk bila seratus atau seribu unit molekul yang kecil yang disebut monomer, saling berikatan dalam suatu rantai. Jenis-jenis monomer yang saling berikatan membentuk suatu polimer terkadang sama atau berbeda.
Sifat-sifat polimer berbeda dari monomer-monomer yang menyusunnya. Pada contoh diatas, teflon (politetra-fluoroetilena) yang berwujud padat dibuat bila molekul-molekul gas tetra-fluoroetilena bereaksi membentuk rantai panjang. Contoh lain, molekul-molekul gas etilena bereaksi membentuk rantai panjang plastik polietilena yang ada pada kaleng susu. Dapatkah Anda mencari contoh-contoh pembentukan polimer yang lain?
Beberapa contoh monomer ditunjukkan dalam Gambar 2, sedangkan Gambar 3 mengilustrasikan pembentukan polimer.
gbr2
Gambar 2. Beberapa contoh monomer dari kiri ke kanan: vinil klorida, propena, tetra-fluoroetilena, dan stirena
gbr3
Gambar 3. Monomer akrilonitril membentuk polimer poliakrilonitril (PAN), yang dikenall dengan nama orlon, dan digunakan sebagai karpet dan pakaian “rajutan”. Ikatan rangkap pada karbon dalam monomer berubah menjadi ikatan tunggal, dan berikatan dengan atom karbon lain membentuk polimer.

Konstanta Van Der Waals untuk Gas Nyata


  

            Persamaan Keadaan Van Der Waals untuk Gas Nyata
(P + n2a / V2)(V- nb) = nRT
merubah 'a' ke dalam  atm L2/mol2 harus dikalikan dengan  0.986 atm/bar
merubah 'a' ke dalam kPa L2/mol2 harus dikalikan dengan 100.0 kPa/bar 
MolekulNamaa
bar L2/mol2
b
L/mol
AlCl3Aluminum trichloride42.630.2450
NH3Ammonia4.2250.03713
NH4ClAmmonium chloride2.3800.00734
ArArgon1.3550.03201
BCl3Boron trichloride15.600.1222
BF3Boron trifluoride3.980.05443
B2H6Diborane6.0480.07437
Br2Bromine9.750.0591
ClFO2Perchloryl fluoride7.3710.07130
ClF5Chlorine pentafluoride9.580.08204
ClH4PPhosphonium chloride4.1110.04545
Cl2Chlorine6.3430.05422
Cl3FSiTrichlorofluorosilane15.670.1273
F2Fluorine1.1710.02896
GeCl4Germanium tetrachloride23.120.1489
F3NNitrogen trifluoride3.580.05453
F3PPhosphorus trifluoride4.9540.06510
F4N2Tetrafluorohydrazine7.4260.08564
GeH4Germane5.7430.06555
HeHelium0.03460.0238
HBrHydrogen bromide4.5000.04415
HClHydrogen chloride3.7000.04061
HCNHydrogen cyanide11.290.08806
HFHydrogen fluoride9.5650.0739
HIHydrogen iodide6.3090.05303
H2Hydrogen0.24530.02651
H2OWater5.5370.03049
H2SHydrogen sulphide4.5440.04339
H2SeHydrogen selenide5.5230.0479
KrKrypton2.3250.0396
SiH4Silane4.380.0579
SiCl4Silicon tetrachloride20.960.1470
SiF4Silicon tetrafluoride5.2590.07236
TiCl4Titanium(IV) chloride25.470.1423
HgMercury5.1930.01057
NONitric oxide1.460.0289
NO2Nitrogen dioxide5.360.0443
N2Nitrogen1.3700.0387
N2ONitrous oxide3.8520.04435
N2H4Hydrazine8.460.0462
NeNeon0.2080.01672
O2Oxygen1.3820.03186
O3Ozone3.5700.0487
PPhosphorus53.60.157
PH3Phosphine4.6960.05157
RnRadon6.6010.06239
SnCl4Stannic chloride27.250.1641
SSulphur24.30.0660
SO2Sulphur dioxide6.8650.05679
SF6Sulphur hexafluoride7.8570.08786
SeSelenium33.40.0675
UF6Uranium(VI) fluoride16.010.1128
WF6Tungsten(VI) fluoride13.250.1063
XeXenon4.1920.05156
XeF2Xenon difluoride12.460.07037
XeF4Xenon tetrafluoride15.520.09035
CClF3Chlorotrifluoromethane6.8730.08110
CCl3FTrichlorofluoromethane14.680.1111
CCl4Tetrachloromethane20.010.1281
CF4Tetrafluoromethane4.0400.06325
COCarbon monoxide1.4720.03948
COSCarbon oxysulphide6.9750.06628
CO2Carbon dioxide3.6580.04286
CS2Carbon disulphide11.250.07262
CHCl3Trichloromethane15.340.1019
CHF3Trifluoromethane5.3780.06403
CH2Cl2Dichloromethane12.440.08689
CH2F2Difluoromethane6.1840.06268
CH3ClChloromethane7.5660.06477
CH3FFluoromethane5.0090.05617
NH3NO2Nitromethane17.180.1041
CH4Methane2.3000.04301
CH3OHMethanol9.4720.06584
CH3SHMethanethiol8.9110.06756
CH3NH2Methylamine7.1060.05879
C2Cl2F31,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane20.250.1481
C2F4Tetrafluoroethylene6.9540.08085
C2N2Cyanogen7.8030.6952
C2H2Acetylene4.5160.05220
C2H2F21,1-Difluoroethylene6.0000.07058
C2H3Cl31,1,1-Trichloroethane20.150.1317
C2H3FFluroethylene5.9840.06504
C2H3F31,1,1-Trifluoroethane9.3020.09572
C2H3NAcetonitrile17.890.1169
C2H4Ethylene4.6120.05821
C2H4Cl21,1-Dichloroethane15.730.1072
C2H4Cl21,2-Dichloroethane17.00.108
C2H4OEthylene oxide8.9220.06779
CH3COOHAcetic acid17.710.1065
C2H4O2Methyl formate11.540.08442
C2H5BrBromoethane11.890.08406
C2H5ClChloroethane11.70.090
C2H5FFluoroethane8.1700.07758
C2H6Ethane5.5700.06499
C2H6ODimethyl ether8.6900.07742
C2H5OHEthanol12.560.08710
C2H5SHDimethyl sulphide13.340.09453
C2H5SHEthanethiol13.230.09447
C2H7NDimethylamine10.440.08510
C2H7NEthylamine10.790.08433
C3F8Perfluoropropane12.960.1338
C3H5NPropanenitrile21.570.1369
C3H6Propene8.4380.08242
C3H6Cyclopropane8.2930.07420
C3H6OAcetone16.020.1124
C3H6OPropanal14.080.09947
C3H6O2Ethyl formate15.910.1115
C3H6O2Methyl acetate15.750.1108
C3H6O2Propanoic acid23.490.1386
C3H7Cl1-Chloropropane16.110.1141`
C3H8Propane9.3850.09044
C3H8O1-Propanol16.260.1080
C3H8O2-Propanol15.820.1109
C3H8OEthyl methyl ether12.700.1034
C3H8SEthyl methyl sulphide19.450.1300
C3H9NPropylamine15.260.1094
C3H9NTrimethylamine13.370.1101
C4H4OFuran12.740.0926
C4H4SThiophene17.210.1058
C4H4NPyrrole18.820.1049
C4H61,3-Butadiene12.170.1020
C4H6O3Acetic anhydride26.80.157
C4H7NButanenitrile25.760.1568
C4H81-Butene12.760.1084
C4H8Cyclobutane12.390.0960
C4H8O2-Butanone19.970.1326
C4H8OTetrahydrofuran16.390.1082
C4H8O21,4-Dioxane19.290.1171
C4H8O2Ethyl acetate20.570.1401
C4H8O2Methyl propanoate20.510.1377
C4H8O2Propyl formate20.790.1377
C4H8O2Butanoic acid28.180.1609
C4H9NPyrrolidine16.840.1056
C4H10Butane13.930.1168
C4H10Isobutane13.360.1168
C4H10O1-Butanol20.900.1323
C4H10O2-Methyl-2-propanol18.810.1324
C4H10O2-Methyl-1-propanol20.350.1324
C4H10ODiethyl ether17.460.1333
C4H10SDiethyl sulphide22.850.1462
C4H11NButylamine19.410.1301
C4H11NDiethylamine19.400.1383
C4H12SiTetramethylsilane20.810.1653
C5H4O2Furfural22.230.1182
C5H5NPyridine19.770.1137
C5H8Cyclopentene15.610.1097
C5H101-Pentene17.860.1370
C5H102-Methyl-1-butene16.90.129
C5H102-Methyl-2-butene17.260.1279
C5H10Cyclopentane16.940.1180
C5H10OTetrahydropyran20.020.1247
C5H10O2Isobutyl formate22.820.1476
C5H10O2Propyl acetate26.230.1700
C5H10O2Ethyl propanoate25.860.1688
C5H10O2Methyl butanoate25.830.1661
C5H10O2Methyl isobutanoate24.870.1639
C5H11NPiperidine20.840.1250
C5H12Pentane19.130.1451
C5H12Isopentane18.290.1415
C5H12Neopentane17.170.1410
C5H12O1-Pentanol25.810.1564
C6H5BrBromobenzene28.960.1541
C6H5ClChlorobenzene25.800.1454
C6H5FFluorobenzene20.100.1279
C6H5IIodobenzene33.540.1658
C6H6Benzene18.820.1193
C6H5OHPhenol22.930.1177
C6H5NH2Aniline29.140.1486
C6H10OCyclohexanone31.10.170
C6H11NHexanenitrile35.500.1996
C6H12Cyclohexane21.950.1413
C6H11OHCyclohexanol28.930.1586
C6H12O2Pentyl formate27.970.1730
C6H12O2Isobutyl acetate29.050.1845
C6H12O2Ethyl butanoate30.530.1922
C6H12O2Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate29.050.1872
C6H12O2Methyl pentanoate29.390.1847
C6H14Hexane24.970.1753
C6H142,3-Dimethylbutane23.290.1660
C6H14O1-Hexanol31.350.1829
C6H15NTriethylamine27.590.1836
C6H15NDipropylamine24.820.1591
C7H5NBenzonitrile33.890.1727
C7H6OBenzaldehyde30.300.1553
C7H8Toluene24.890.1499
C7H8Oo-Cresol28.330.1447
C7H8Om-Cresol31.860.1609
C7H8Op-Cresol28.110.1422
C7H8OBenzyl alcohol34.70.173
C7H8OAnisole28.600.1579
C7H16Heptane30.890.2038
C7H15OHHeptanol37.220.2097
C8H10Ethylbenzene30.860.1782
C8H10o-Xylene31.060.1756
C8H10m-Xylene31.410.1814
C8H10p-Xylene31.540.1824
C8H10OPhenetole35.700.1966
C8H11NN,N-Dimethylaniline37.920.1967
C8H18Octane37.860.2372
C8H182,5-Dimethylhexane35.490.2299
C8H18O1-Octanol43.420.2371
C9H7NQuinoline36.700.1672
C9H12Cumene36.200.2044
C9H12Propylbenzene37.140.2073
C9H121,2,4-Trimethylbenzene38.030.2088
C9H12Mesitylene37.870.2118
C9H20Nonane45.110.2702
C9H20O1-Nonanol50.000.2654
C10H8Naphthalene40.320.1920
C10H14Butylbenzene44.070.2378
C10H14Isobutylbenzene40.400.2215
C10H14o-Cymene42.70.234
C10H14p-Cymene45.270.2478
C10H14p-Diethylbenzene45.030.2439
C10H141,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene45.80.24
C10H22Decane52.880.3051
C10H22O1-Decanol57.450.2971
C11H24Undecane60.880.3396
C12H10Biphenyl47.160.2130
C12H26Dodecane69.140.3741
C12H26O1-Dodecanol72.690.3598
C13H12Diphenylmethane60.460.2798
C13H28Tridecane77.940.4109
C13H28O1-Tridecanol81.200.3942
C14H30O1-Tetradecanol89.910.4289
C15H32Pentadecane96.500.4857